Neurotoxins exhibiting shortened biological activity

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the pharmaceutical field. Specifically, it contemplates a polynucleotide encoding a Neurotoxin polypeptide exhibiting a reduced duration of biological effect in a subject, wherein the polypeptide comprises at least one degradation signal in the light chain as well as vectors and host cells comprising the polynucleotide, polypeptides encoded thereby and antibodies specifically binding to the polypeptides. Moreover, the invention relates to medicaments comprising the polynucleotides and polypeptides as well as specific therapeutic applications thereof. Furthermore, the present invention contemplates methods for the manufacture of the polypeptides and medicaments.

The present invention relates to the pharmaceutical field. Specifically, it contemplates a polynucleotide encoding a Neurotoxin polypeptide exhibiting a reduced duration of the biological effect in a subject, wherein said polypeptide comprises at least one degradation signal in the light chain as well as vectors and host cells comprising the said polynucleotide, polypeptides encoded thereby and antibodies specifically binding to the polypeptides. Moreover, the invention relates to medicaments comprising said polynucleotides and polypeptides as well as specific therapeutic applications thereof. Furthermore, the present invention contemplates methods for the manufacture of the polypeptides and medicaments.

Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani produce highly potent neurotoxins, i.e. botulinum toxins (BoNTs) and tetanus toxin (TeNT), respectively. These Clostridial Neurotoxins (CNTs) specifically bind to neuronal cells and disrupt neurotransmitter release. Each toxin is synthesized as an inactive unprocessed approximately 150 kDa single-chain protein. The posttranslational processing involves formation of disulfide bridges, and limited proteolysis (nicking) by the bacterial protease(s). Active Neurotoxin consists of two chains, an N-terminal light chain of approx. 50 kDa and a heavy chain of approx. 100 kDa linked by a disulfide bond. CNTs consist of three domains, i.e. the catalytic light chain, the heavy chain encompassing the translocation domain (N-terminal half) and the receptor binding domain (C-terminal half), see Krieglstein 1990, Eur J Biochem 188, 39; Krieglstein 1991, Eur J Biochem 202, 41; Krieglstein 1994, J Protein Chem 13, 49. The Botulinum Neurotoxins are synthesized as molecular complexes comprising the 150 kDa Neurotoxin protein and associated non-toxic, complexing proteins. The complex sizes differ based on the Clostridial strain and the distinct Neurotoxin serotypes ranging from 300 kDa to 900 kDa. The complexing proteins in these complexes stabilize the Neurotoxin and protect it against degradation, see Chen 1998, Infect Immun 66(6): 2420-2425.

Clostridium botulinum secretes seven antigenically distinct serotypes designated A to G of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). All serotypes together with the related tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) secreted by Clostridium tetani, are Zn²⁺-endoproteases that block synaptic exocytosis by cleaving SNARE proteins, see Couesnon, 2006, Microbiology, 152, 759. CNTs cause the flaccid muscle paralysis seen in botulism, see Fischer 2007, PNAS 104, 10447.

Despite its toxic effects, Botulinum toxins have been used as therapeutic agents for a large number of diseases or disorders. Botulinum toxin serotype A was approved for human use in the United States in 1989 for the treatment of strabism, blepharospasm, and other disorders. It is commercially available as a Botulinum toxin A protein complex, for example, under the tradename BOTOX (Allergan Inc) or under the tradename DYSPORT (Ipsen Ltd). For therapeutic applications, the complex is injected directly into the muscle to be treated. At physiological pH, the toxin is released from the protein complex and the desired pharmacological effect takes place. An improved, complex-free Neurotoxin A polypeptide preparation is available under the tradename XEOMIN (Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH). The effect of Botulinum toxin is only temporary, which is the reason why repeated administration of Botulinum toxin may be required to maintain a therapeutic effect.

The Clostridial Neurotoxins weaken voluntary muscle strength and are effective therapeutics for strabism, focal dystonia, including cervical dystonia, and benign essential blepharospasm. They have been further shown to relief hemifacial spasm, and focal spasticity, and, moreover, to be effective in a wide range of other indications, such as gastrointestinal disorders, hyperhidrosis, and cosmetic wrinkle correction, see Jost 2007, Drugs 67, 669.

However, weakening muscle strengths and contraction is also desirable for medical conditions or disease such as wound healing, immobilisation for bone and tendon fracture treatment, post surgery immobilization, specifically in connection with haemorrhoidectomy, introduction of dental implants, or hip joint replacement (endoprothesis), knee arthroplasty, ophthalmological surgery, acne, or irritable bowel disease. The Neurotoxins usually exhibit their biological effect over a time period which is longer than actually needed for efficient treatment of said diseases or conditions. A prolonged muscle paralysis is, however, detrimental or at least less preferable in the therapy of the said medical conditions or diseases. Neurotoxins exhibiting their biological effect only over the desired time period are, however, not yet available.

Accordingly, the technical problem underlying the present invention can be seen as the provision of means and methods for complying with the aforementioned needs. The technical problem is solved by the embodiments characterized in the claims and herein below.

The present invention, therefore, relates to a polynucleotide encoding a Neurotoxin polypeptide exhibiting a reduced duration of the biological effect in a subject, wherein said polypeptide comprises at least one degradation signal in the light chain.

The term “polynucleotide” as used herein refers to single- or double-stranded DNA molecules as well as to RNA molecules. Encompassed by the said term is genomic DNA, cDNA, hnRNA, mRNA as well as all naturally occurring or artificially modified derivatives of such molecular species. The polynucleotide may be in an aspect a linear or circular molecule. Moreover, in addition to the nucleic acid sequences encoding the aforementioned Neurotoxin polypeptide, a polynucleotide of the present invention may comprise additional sequences required for proper transcription and/or translation such as 5′ or 3′ UTR sequences. The polynucleotide of the present invention encodes a modified Neurotoxin polypeptide derivable from one of the antigenically different serotypes of Botulinum Neurotoxins, i.e. BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C1, BoNT/D, BoNT/E, BoNT/F, BoNT/G, or Tetanus Neurotoxin (TeNT). In an aspect of the present invention, the said polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (BoNT/A), SEQ ID NO: 3 (BoNT/B), SEQ ID NO: 5 (BoNT/C1), SEQ ID NO: 7 (BoNT/D), SEQ ID NO: 9 (BoNT/E), SEQ ID NO: 11 (BoNT/F), SEQ ID NO: 13 (BoNT/G) or SEQ ID NO: 15 (TeNT). Moreover, encompassed is in an aspect a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence as shown in any one of SEQ ID NO: 2 (BoNT/A), SEQ ID NO: 4 (BoNT/B), SEQ ID NO: 6 (BoNT/C1), SEQ ID NO: 8 (BoNT/D), SEQ ID NO: 10 (BoNT/E), SEQ ID NO: 12 (BoNT/F), SEQ ID NO: 14 (BoNT/G) or SEQ ID NO: 16 (TeNT). In another aspect, the said polynucleotide is a variant of the aforementioned polynucleotides comprising one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions and/or additions which in still another aspect may result in an encoded amino acid having one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or additions. Moreover, a variant polynucleotide of the invention shall in another aspect comprise a nucleic acid sequence variant being at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence as shown in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 or 15 or a nucleic acid sequence variant which encodes an amino acid sequence being at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence as shown in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16. The term “identical” as used herein refers to sequence identity characterized by determining the number of identical amino acids between two nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences wherein the sequences are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained. It can be calculated using published techniques or methods codified in computer programs such as, for example, BLASTP, BLASTN or FASTA (Altschul 1990, J Mol Biol 215, 403). The percent identity values are, in one aspect, calculated over the entire amino acid sequence. A series of programs based on a variety of algorithms is available to the skilled worker for comparing different sequences. In this context, the algorithms of Needleman and Wunsch or Smith and Waterman give particularly reliable results. To carry out the sequence alignments, the program PileUp (Higgins 1989, CABIOS 5, 151) or the programs Gap and BestFit (Needleman 1970, J Mol Biol 48; 443; Smith 1981, Adv Appl Math 2, 482), which are part of the GCG software packet (Genetics Computer Group 1991, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA 53711), may be used. The sequence identity values recited above in percent (%) are to be determined, in another aspect of the invention, using the program GAP over the entire sequence region with the following settings: Gap Weight: 50, Length Weight: 3, Average Match: 10.000 and Average Mismatch: 0.000, which, unless otherwise specified, shall always be used as standard settings for sequence alignments.

In an aspect, each of the aforementioned variant polynucleotides encodes a polypeptide retaining one or more and, in another aspect, all of the biological properties of the respective Neurotoxin polypeptide, i.e. the BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C1, BoNT/D, BoNT/E, BoNT/F, BoNT/G or Tetanus Neurotoxin (TeNT). Those of skill in the art will appreciate that full biological activity is maintained only after proteolytic activation, even though it is conceivable that the unprocessed precursor can exert some biological functions or be partially active. “Biological properties” as used herein refers to (a) receptor binding, (b) internalization, (c) translocation across the endosomal membrane into the cytosol, and/or (d) endoproteolytic cleavage of proteins involved in synaptic vesicle membrane fusion. In vivo assays for assessing biological activity include the mouse LD50 assay and the ex vivo mouse hemidiaphragm assay as described by Pearce et al. (Pearce 1994, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 128: 69-77) and Dressler et al. (Dressler 2005, Mov Disord 20:1617-1619, Keller 2006, Neuroscience 139: 629-637). The biological activity is commonly expressed in Mouse Units (MU). As used herein, 1 MU is the amount of neurotoxic component, which kills 50% of a specified mouse population after intraperitoneal injection, i.e. the mouse i.p. LD50. In a further aspect, the variant polynucleotides can encode Neurotoxins having improved or altered biological properties, e.g., they may comprise cleavage sites which are improved for enzyme recognition or may

be improved for receptor binding or any other property specified above. Moreover, encompassed are in an aspect fusion polypeptides further comprising detectable marker peptides or tags. In an aspect, suitable tags are FLAG-tags, Myc-tags or His-tags which also allow for a more efficient purification of the tagged polypeptides. Detectable marker peptides, in an aspect, include fluorescent proteins such as GFP, BFP and the like. In yet a further aspect, the variant polynucleotides shall encode fusion Neurotoxin polypeptides comprising a part of at least two Neurotoxin polypeptides of different serotypes, e.g., a fusion Neurotoxin comprising a heavy chain of BoNT/A and a light chain of BoNT/E.

The Neurotoxin polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of the invention further comprises at least one degradation signal in its light chain. In an aspect of the invention, the said light chain of the Neurotoxin polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of the invention is obtained by modification from a light chain being encoded by a polynucleotide comprising any one of the aforementioned specific nucleic acid sequences or variants thereof described above. The light chains of the Neurotoxin polypeptides are generated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor polypeptide (single-chain polypeptide). The light chain is the N-terminal portion of the precursor polypeptide which is obtained as a result of the proteolytic cleavage. The amino acid sequences of the light chains of the Neurotoxin polypeptides referred to above can be deduced, in an aspect, from the cleavage sites indicated in the following table.

TABLE 1 Neurotoxin (Bacterial Accession Cleavage Sequence including cleavage Strain) number site sites (highlighted) BoNT/A ABD 65472 K428/T429 KLLCVRGIITSKTKSLDKGYNKALN....DLCIKV (Hall/62A) K448/A449 (SEQ ID NO: 17) BoNT/B BAE 48264 K441/A442 IQMCKSVKAPG...................ICIDV (Okra) (SEQ ID NO: 18) BoNT/C1 BAA 89713 R444/5445 TKFCHKAIDGRSL....YNKTL......DCRELLV (C-6814) K449/T450 (SEQ ID NO: 19) BoNT/D BAA 90661 K442/N443 TKVCLRLTK.........NSRD......DSTCIKV R445/D446 (SEQ ID NO: 20) BoNT/E CAA 43999 K419/G420 IRFCKNIVSVKG......IRK........SICIEI (Beluga) R422/K423 (SEQ ID NO: 21) BoNT/F CAA 73972 R435/K436 VKFCKSVIPRKG......TKAP......PRLCIRV (NCTC10281) K439/A440 (SEQ ID NO: 22) BoNT/G CAA 52275 IAMCKPVMYKNT......GKS........EQCIIV (SEQ ID NO: 23) TeNT P 04958 R449  IGLCKKIIPPTNIRENLYNRTASLTDLGGELCIKI (R455) (SEQ ID NO: 24)

The term “degradation signal” as used herein refers to modifications of the light chain of the Neurotoxin polypeptide which result in increased degradation of the Neurotoxin polypeptide by endogenous degradation pathways present in an organism to which the Neurotoxin has been applied. In an aspect, the degradation pathway will be a proteasomal degradation pathway or a lysosomal degradation pathway. In another aspect, a degradation pathway may merely result in a partial degradation of the Neurotoxin polypeptide, e.g., by one or more proteolytic cleavage steps. The said degradation signal may be introduced into the light chain (i.e. be located (internally) within the light chain) or linked thereto either N- or C-terminally. The person skilled in the art is well aware of suitable degradation signals and how to introduce or link them to the Neurotoxin polypeptide's light chain. Moreover, the skilled artisan can generate polynucleotides encoding such Neurotoxin polypeptides with the at least one degradation signal by applying recombinant molecular biological techniques or chemical modifications. For example, site directed mutagenesis may be used for introducing the degradation signals referred to below. Alternatively, a nucleic acid sequence for the polynucleotide comprising the coding sequences for the Neurotoxin polypeptide and the envisaged degradation signal may be designed and the entire polynucleotide may subsequently be chemically synthesised.

In an aspect, the said degradation signal is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) at least one internally or terminally introduced PEST motif,     -   b) at least one internally or terminally introduced E3 ligase         recognition motif,     -   c) an N-terminal oligo-lysine residue,     -   d) an N-terminally linked ubiquitin,     -   e) a substitution of the N-terminal proline with a basic amino         acid,     -   f) substitutions of surface displayed amino acid residues by         lysines, and     -   g) a substitution of the N-terminal proline with a basic amino         acid in combination with substitutions of surface displayed         amino acid residues by lysines.

In an aspect, the E3 ligase recognition motif has a consensus sequence as shown in the following table (wherein “X” may represent any of the naturally occurring amino acids):

TABLE 2 E3 ubiquitin  Ligase Recognition motif (consensus) VBCCul2 ALAPYIP (SEQ ID NO: 25) MNM2 RFMDYWEGL (SEQ ID NO: 26) FXXXLWXXL (SEQ ID NO: 27) Smurf2 ELESPPPPYSRYPM (SEQ ID NO: 28) RN181 KVGFFKR (SEQ ID No: 29) E3alpha LLVRGRTLVV (SEQ ID NO 30 SCF DRHDSGLDSM (SEQ ID NO: 31) Siah PXAXVXP (SEQ ID NO: 32) Itch PPXYXXM (SEQ ID NO: 33) Nedd4-2 PPXY (SEQ ID No: 34) PEST motifs are well known in the art as degradation signals (Rogers 1986, Science 234: 364-368, Rechsteiner 1996, TIBS 21: 267-271, Belizario 2008, Science 9: 210-220). In an aspect, the PEST motif is has a sequence as disclosed in Rechsteiner 1996, TIBS 21: 267-271, Table 1 (hereby incorporated by reference), for any one of the following proteins: GCN4, Iκ B{acute over (α)}, Fos, Ornithine decarboxylase, Cactus, CLN2, CLN 3 or NIMA.

The modified Neurotoxin polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of the present invention will exhibit a reduced duration of the biological effect in a subject upon administration in comparison to an unmodified Neurotoxin polypeptide. In an aspect, the said biological effect observed in the subject causes muscle paralysis, i.e. a (reversible) inactivation of the muscle's capability to contract. In an aspect, the effects can be tested by the so-called mouse running assay (Keller 2006, Neuroscience 139: 629-637). The biological effects can be determined by the person skilled in the art without further ado. A reduced duration of the biological effect, in an aspect, refers to a statistically significant reduced duration. Whether the duration of an effect is statistically significant reduced can be determined by those skilled in the art by applying standard statistical tests, e.g., determination of confidence intervals, p-value determination, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test etc. Preferred confidence intervals are at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%. The p-values are, preferably, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, or 0.0001. Preferably, the probability envisaged by the present invention allows that the diagnosis will be correct for at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the subjects of a given cohort or population. In an aspect, the said reduced duration persist less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 30% or less than 20% of the normal duration, i.e. the duration observed for an unmodified Neurotoxin polypeptide. In an aspect, normal duration persists for approximately 4 month in the case of BoNT/A, 2 months in the case of BoNT/B, approximately 3 to 4 months in the case of BoNT/C or approximately 4 weeks in the case of BoNT/E (Foran, J Biol. Chem. 278(2): 1363-1371, Eleopra 1998, Neurosci Lett. 13, 256(3): 135-138, Eleopra 1997, Neurosci Lett. 14,224(2): 91-94, Sloop 1997, Neurology 49(1): 189-194, Washbourne 1998, J Physiol Paris 92(2): 135-139). It is to be understood that the duration of the effect depends on individual influences in a subject such as genetic background, age, life style etc. Therefore, an approximate duration as meant herein refers to a duration as indicated above for the respective Neurotoxin polypeptides (e.g., 4 months for BoNT/A or 4 weeks for BoNT/E) with a standard deviation of 25% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less or 5% or less.

Advantageously, it has been found in accordance with the present invention that a Neurotoxin polypeptide can be modified to exhibit a shortened biological effect in a subject upon administration. In principle, this can be achieved by introducing or linking a degradation signal to the light chain of the said Neurotoxin polypeptide since it was found that the persistence of the light chain correlates with the duration of the biological effect. The shortened duration of the biological effect elicited by Neurotoxin polypeptides is beneficial for various medical applications which require an inactivation of nervous actions, e.g., muscle paralysis in order to facilitate wound healing.

The present invention contemplates a vector comprising the polynucleotide of the present invention.

The term “vector”, preferably, encompasses phage, plasmid, viral or retroviral vectors as well as artificial chromosomes, such as bacterial or yeast artificial chromosomes. Moreover, the term also relates to targeting constructs which allow for random or site-directed integration of the targeting construct into genomic DNA. Such target constructs, preferably, comprise DNA of sufficient length for either homologous or heterologous recombination as described in detail below. The vector encompassing the polynucleotides of the present invention, in an aspect, further comprises selectable markers for propagation and/or selection in a host. The vector may be incorporated into a host cell by various techniques well known in the art. For example, a plasmid vector can be introduced in a precipitate such as a calcium phosphate precipitate or rubidium chloride precipitate, or in a complex with a charged lipid or in carbon-based clusters, such as fullerens. Alternatively, a plasmid vector may be introduced by heat shock or electroporation techniques. Should the vector be a virus, it may be packaged in vitro using an appropriate packaging cell line prior to application to host cells. Retroviral vectors may be replication competent or replication defective. In the latter case, viral propagation generally will occur only in complementing host/cells. Moreover, in an aspect of the invention, the polynucleotide is operatively linked to expression control sequences allowing expression in prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells or isolated fractions thereof in the said vector. Expression of the polynucleotide comprises transcription of the polynucleotide into a translatable mRNA. Regulatory elements ensuring expression in host cells are well known in the art. In an aspect, they comprise regulatory sequences ensuring initiation of transcription and/or poly-A signals ensuring termination of transcription and stabilization of the transcript. Additional regulatory elements may include transcriptional as well as translational enhancers. Possible regulatory elements permitting expression in prokaryotic host cells comprise, e.g., the lac-, trp- or tac-promoter in E. coli, and examples for regulatory elements permitting expression in eukaryotic host cells are the AOX1- or the GAL1-promoter in yeast or the CMV-, SV40-, RSV-promoter (Rous sarcoma virus), CMV-enhancer, SV40-enhancer or a globin intron in mammalian and other animal cells. Moreover, inducible expression control sequences may be used in an expression vector encompassed by the present invention. Such inducible vectors may comprise tet or lac operator sequences or sequences inducible by heat shock or other environmental factors. Suitable expression control sequences are well known in the art. Beside elements which are responsible for the initiation of transcription such regulatory elements may also comprise transcription termination signals, such as the SV40-poly-A site or the tk-poly-A site, downstream of the polynucleotide. In this context, suitable expression vectors are known in the art such as Okayama-Berg cDNA expression vector pcDV1 (Pharmacia), pBluescript (Stratagene), pCDM8, pRc/CMV, pcDNA1, pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) or pSPORT1 (Invitrogen). Preferably, said vector is an expression vector and a gene transfer or targeting vector. Expression vectors derived from viruses such as retroviruses, vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus, herpes viruses, or bovine papilloma virus, may be used for delivery of the polynucleotides or vector of the invention into targeted cell population. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct recombinant viral vectors; see, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989) N.Y. and Ausubel, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N.Y. (1994).

Moreover, the present invention pertains to a host cell comprising the polynucleotide or the vector of the present invention.

The term “host cell” as used herein encompasses prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells. In an aspect the host cell is a bacterial cell and, in another aspect, a Firmicutes bacterial cell. In one aspect, the said bacterial host cell is an E. coli host cell. In another aspect, it is a Clostridium host cell. In a further aspect, the said Clostridium host cell is a Clostridium botulinum host cell, in even a further aspect, a cell of one of the aforementioned seven different serotypes of Clostridium botulinum. In yet another aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Clostridium tetani host cell. In a further aspect, the host cell is a Bacillus host cell and in a particular aspect a Bacillus megaterium host cell. A eukaryotic host cell, in an aspect, is a cell of an animal cell line suitable for production of toxic proteins or a fungal host cell such as a yeast host cell.

Also encompassed by the present invention is a polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of the invention.

The term “polypeptide” as used herein encompasses isolated or essentially purified polypeptides being essentially free of other polypeptides including the complexing proteins (HA70, HA17, HA33, or NTNH (NBP) of the host cell or polypeptide preparations comprising other proteins in addition. Moreover, the term includes chemically modified polypeptides. Such modifications may be artificial modifications or naturally occurring modifications. As referred to above, the polypeptide of the present invention shall have the biological properties of the Neurotoxin polypeptides referred to above. Moreover, it shall exhibit shortened duration of the biological effect in a subject upon administration. The polypeptide of the invention, in an aspect, can be manufactured by a method of manufacturing a polypeptide as described elsewhere herein in more detail. In an aspect of the invention, a polypeptide preparation is also envisaged which comprises a complex of the Neurotoxin polypeptide and its complexing proteins.

Moreover, the present invention relates to an antibody which specifically binds to the polypeptide of the present invention.

Antibodies against the polypeptide of the invention can be prepared by well known methods using a purified polypeptide according to the invention or a suitable fragment derived therefrom as an antigen. A fragment which is suitable as an antigen may be identified by antigenicity determining algorithms well known in the art. Such fragments may be obtained either from the polypeptide of the invention by proteolytic digestion or may be a synthetic peptide. In an aspect, the antibody of the present invention is a monoclonal antibody, a polyclonal antibody, a single chain antibody, a human or humanized antibody or primatized, chimerized or fragment thereof. Also comprised as antibodies by the present invention is a bispecific antibody, a synthetic antibody, an antibody fragment, such as a Fab, Fv or scFv fragment etc., or a chemically modified derivative of any of these. The antibody of the present invention shall specifically bind (i.e. does not cross react with other polypeptides or peptides) to the polypeptide of the invention. Specifically, the antibody shall also not cross react with the unmodified Neurotoxin polypeptide. Specific binding can be tested by various well known techniques. Antibodies or fragments thereof can be obtained by using methods which are described, e.g., in Harlow and Lane “Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual”, CSH Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1988. Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by the techniques originally described bei Köhler et al. (Köhler 1975, Nature 256 (1975), 495) or Galfré. (Galfré 1981, Meth. Enzymol. 73 (1981)) which comprise the fusion of mouse myeloma cells to spleen cells derived from mammals which have been immunized by the antigen, i.e. the polypeptide of the invention or a immunogenic fragment thereof. The antibodies can be used, for example, for the immunoprecipitation and immunolocalization of the polypeptides of the invention as well as for the monitoring of the presence of said polypeptides, for example, in recombinant organisms, and for the identification of compounds interacting with the proteins according to the invention. For example, surface plasmon resonance as employed in the BIAcore system can be used to increase the efficiency of phage antibodies which bind to an epitope of the protein of the invention (Schier 1996, Human Antibodies Hybridomas 7, 97-105; Malmborg 1995, J. Immunol. Methods 183, 7-13).

The polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention can be used as a medicament, in general.

The term “medicament” as used herein refers, in one aspect, to a pharmaceutical composition containing the biologically active Neurotoxin polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding it as pharmaceutical active compound. The said medicament may be used for human or animal therapy of various diseases or disorders in a therapeutically effective dose. The medicament can be formulated by various techniques dependent on the desired application purposes. Different aspects of a medicament according to the present invention are specified herein below.

In an aspect, the medicament comprises the biologically active Neurotoxin polypeptide of the present invention one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and being not deleterious to the recipient thereof. The pharmaceutical carrier employed may include a solid, a gel, or a liquid. Exemplary of solid carriers are lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, stearic acid and the like. Exemplary of liquid carriers are glycerol, phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions, various types of wetting agents, and the like. Suitable carriers comprise those mentioned above and others well known in the art, see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. It will be understood that a carrier might also be a virus or retrovirus suitable for gene therapy, in particular, if the active ingredient of the medicament is the polynucleotide of the invention.

The medicament, in an aspect, will be dissolved in a diluent prior to administration. The diluent is also selected so as not to affect the biological activity of the combination. Examples of such diluents are distilled water or physiological saline. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation may also include other carriers or non-toxic, non-therapeutic, non-immunogenic stabilizers and the like. Thus, the Neurotoxin polypeptide of the invention can be present, in an aspect, in liquid or lyophilized form. In an aspect, it can be present together with glycerol, protein stabilizers (HSA) or non-protein stabilizers such as polyviylpyrolidon (PVP), hyaluronic acid or free amino acids. In an aspect, suitable non-proteinaceous stabilizers are disclosed in WO 2005/007185 or WO 2006/020208.

In another aspect, the medicament will be provided as a solution comprising the Neurotoxin polypeptide. Moreover, the solution can comprise carriers or stabilizers referred to above as well. A stable liquid formulation of the Neurotoxin polypeptide can be provided, in an aspect, as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 7,211,261.

The pharmaceutical composition is, in one aspect, administered topically. Conventionally the medicament will be administered intra-muscular or subcutaneous (near glands) depending on the desired medical indication. However, depending on the nature and the mode of action of a compound the pharmaceutical composition may be administered by other routes as well.

A therapeutically effective dose refers to an amount of the Neurotoxin polypeptide or the polynucleotide of the invention which prevents, ameliorates or treats the symptoms accompanying a condition or disease referred to in this specification. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of the compound can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). The dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50. The medicament of the present invention will comprise, in an aspect, dosage recommendations in the prescribers or users instructions in order to anticipate dosage adjustments depending on the individual recipient.

The medicament referred to herein are developed to be administered at least once in order to treat or ameliorate or prevent a disease or condition recited in this specification. However, the said medicament may be administered more than one time.

The medicament according to the present invention may in a further aspect of the invention comprise drugs in addition to the biologically active Neurotoxin polypeptide which are added to the pharmaceutical composition during its formulation.

Moreover, the present invention pertains to the use of the polynucleotide or the polypeptide of the present invention for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of wound healing, immobilization for bone and tendon fracture treatment, post surgery immobilization, specifically in connection with haemorrhoidectomy, introduction of dental implants, or hip joint replacement (endoprothesis), knee arthroplasty, ophthalmological surgery, acne, or irritable bowel disease.

The symptoms associated with the aforementioned medical conditions or diseases are well known to the person skilled in the art and are described in standard text books of medicine such as Stedman or Pschyrembl.

Moreover, the present invention also relates to the use of the polynucleotide or the polypeptide of the present invention for the preparation of a diagnostic medicament for determining whether a subject is susceptible for a Neurotoxin therapy.

The diagnostic medicament referred to above is a Neurotoxin polypeptide medicament as referred to above. However, the medicament is to be applied for a time and at a dosage regimen allowing merely the determination of whether a subject responds to the Neurotoxin polypeptide at all or the determination of a suitable dosage regimen. Since the above Neurotoxin polypeptide—although having therapeutic potential as well—is pivotally used for a diagnostic purpose rather than for treating or amelioration in this aspect, the medicament comprising it is termed “diagnostic medicament”. Thus, such a time-restricted pre-screen with the modified Neurotoxin polypeptides of the present invention will assist in selecting subjects susceptible for a therapy using an unmodified Neurotoxin as well as in determining a suitable dosage. Potential side effects of a therapy based on an unmodified Neurotoxin which would normally persist over a longer time can be reduced due to the reduced duration of the biological effect elicited by the modified Neurotoxin polypeptide of the invention.

The present invention encompasses a method for the manufacture of a Neurotoxin polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of the invention comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) cultivating the host cell of the invention under conditions         which allow for the expression of the Neurotoxin polypeptide         encoded by the polynucleotide of the invention, and     -   b) obtaining the Neurotoxin polypeptide encoded by the         polynucleotide of the invention from the host cell culture of         a).

The polypeptide may be obtained from the culture, in an aspect, by all conventional purification techniques including affinity chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and precipitation techniques including antibody precipitation. Moreover, in an aspect the Neurotoxin polypeptide obtained by the method of the invention may be free of complexing proteins. In another aspect, the Neurotoxin polypeptide may be obtained as a complex comprising in addition to the Neurotoxin polypeptide complexing proteins. Moreover, obtaining as used herein, in an aspect, includes activation of the Neurotoxin polypeptide. This can be achieved by proteolytic cleavage of the (single-chain) Neurotoxin polypeptide precursor either intracellular by an endogenous or exogenous (e.g., recombinant expressed) protease or outside the cell by contacting the Neurotoxin polypeptide, e.g., prior, during or after the aforementioned purification, with the protease under conditions allowing for cleavage.

Furthermore, a method for the manufacture of a medicament is contemplated in accordance with the present invention, said method comprising the steps of the aforementioned method of the invention and the further step of formulating the Neurotoxin polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of the invention as a medicament.

It will be understood that such a method for the manufacture of a medicament is carried out according to the GMP standards for medicaments in order to ensure quality, pharmaceutical safety, and efficacy of the medicament. Suitable formulations of the medicament are described elsewhere in this specification. The person skilled in the art is, however, well aware of how such formulations can be made.

The invention also encompasses a method for the manufacture of a cosmetic composition comprising the steps of the method of the invention and the further step of formulating the Neurotoxin polypeptide as a cosmetic composition.

“Cosmetic composition” as used herein can be formulated as described for a pharmaceutical composition above. For a cosmetic composition, likewise, it is envisaged that the compound of the present invention is in an aspect used in substantially pure form. Impurities, however, may be less critical than for a medicament. Cosmetic compositions are, in a further aspect, to be applied intramuscular. In an even further aspect of the invention, cosmetic compositions comprising the Neurotoxin can be formulated as an anti-wrinkle agent.

The present invention also pertains to such a cosmetic composition and to the use of the polynucleotide or the polypeptide of the present invention for the preparation of a cosmetic composition to be used as an anti-wrinkle agent.

All references cited in this specification are herewith incorporated by reference with respect to their entire disclosure content and the disclosure content specifically mentioned in this specification. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A modified neurotoxin polypeptide exhibiting a reduced duration of muscle paralysis in a subject, wherein the neurotoxin polypeptide comprises at least one degradation signal in a light chain of the neurotoxin polypeptide, wherein the degradation signal in the light chain of the neurotoxin polypeptide is selected from: a) at least one internally or terminally introduced PEST motif; b) at least one internally or terminally introduced E3 ligase recognition motif; c) an N-terminal oligo-lysine residue; d) an N-terminally linked ubiquitin; e) a substitution of the N-terminal praline with a basic amino acid; f) substitutions of surface displayed amino acid residues with lysine; and g) a substitution of the N-terminal praline with a basic amino add in combination with substitutions of surface displayed amino add residues with lysine.
 2. The modified neurotoxin polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the duration of the muscle paralysis in a subject persists less than 4, 3 or 2 weeks.
 3. The modified neurotoxin polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the light chain of the neurotoxin polypeptide exhibiting a reduced duration of muscle paralysis in a subject is a modified form of a neurotoxin light chain having an amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO; 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or
 16. 